Prof. Vivekanand Tiwari
The Vedic scriptures present a profound appreciation of natural elements such as fire, energy, life force, and prosperity, highlighting their indispensable glory through the practice of nature worship. Vedic polytheism subtly emphasizes the environmental significance of various natural elements, considering them divine and integral to the sustenance of life. This reverence for nature is not just an aspect of spiritual belief but a practical guide for ecological balance and environmental preservation.
In the Atharvaveda, the Earth is celebrated with grandeur in the verse “Mata Bhutih Putro’ham Prithivyah,” which translates to “Mother Earth, I am your son.” This sentiment praises the Earth as a nurturing mother, sustaining all life forms. The Earth, which holds seas, rivers, and various bodies of water, upon which diverse crops grow, and where life thrives, nourishes and sustains all beings. The Vedas implore us to venerate this stable Earth that supports all vegetation and living creatures. It is through the Earth’s bounty that we receive food, water, and the essential elements for survival, making it a sacred entity worthy of utmost respect and protection.
Animals and birds, like humans, are divine creations deserving equal respect. In the Vedic era, agriculture and animal husbandry were primary occupations, with animals playing crucial roles. The cow, for instance, transforms water and vegetation into nourishing milk, thus earning the status of Kamadhenu (wish-fulfilling cow) and being revered as a mother. The cow’s offspring, the bull, was invaluable in agricultural activities, symbolizing strength and productivity. The Vedas also reflect the sentiment of non-violence towards wild animals and birds, emphasizing harmonious coexistence with nature. This respect for animals extends to all forms of life, recognizing the interconnectedness of all beings and the environment.
Humans are encouraged to develop alongside nature without depleting natural resources. This principle has been adhered to since ancient times, with sages preserving various plant and animal species in their hermitages. Teachings from saints and sages have always underscored the importance of coexisting with nature. In ancient India, agricultural systems, transportation, and social and religious activities were planned according to seasonal cycles, reflecting a deep connection with nature. This harmonious relationship with the environment ensured sustainable use of resources and ecological balance, which are crucial for long-term prosperity and survival.
Numerous natural elements, such as planets, stars, the sky, water, fire, directions, clouds, rivers, mountains, forests, vines, trees, seas, and animals, have been revered as divine. It is believed that those who perceive these elements as parts of the divine body attain supreme strength and power. Forests are deemed essential for existence, a truth ancient Indian sages profoundly understood. This deep reverence for nature is reflected in various rituals, festivals, and daily practices, embedding environmental consciousness in the cultural fabric.
The Manusmriti condemns pollution caused by large factories, labeling their establishment as sinful due to air and water pollution. Factories discharge pollutants into rivers and water bodies, creating widespread contamination. The text clearly states that large-scale industrial activities, which harm the environment, are against the principles of Dharma (righteousness). This ancient wisdom underscores the importance of keeping industrialization in check to prevent environmental degradation, a lesson increasingly relevant in today’s world.
Tree cutting is considered a grave sin in the Manusmriti (11.63-66 and 8.285) and Vishnu Smriti (Chapter 5), with specific penalties for cutting down certain types of trees. The loss of a tree is not just seen as an environmental loss but also a spiritual and moral transgression. This perspective highlights the integral role of trees in maintaining ecological balance and their sanctity as living entities deserving protection. The protection of trees is tied to the well-being of the community and the environment, emphasizing the need for responsible stewardship of natural resources.
Tree planting is an integral part of religious and social values. The Manusmriti advises constructing ponds or wells at village boundaries and planting trees like banyan, peepal, neem, and milk-producing trees. This tradition of tree plantation is not only a religious duty but also a practical measure for ensuring ecological balance and environmental sustainability. Trees provide numerous benefits, including air purification, shade, and habitat for various species, making them essential for a healthy ecosystem.
The Atharvaveda mentions that areas with peepal and banyan trees are inhabited by wise people and free from pests, signifying the ecological and spiritual significance of these trees. Peepal trees are revered for their longevity and their association with deities like Brahma and Vishnu. Peepal absorbs more carbon dioxide and releases more oxygen, thereby purifying the air, which is possibly why it is worshipped. This tree, along with others like the banyan and neem, plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and promoting human well-being.
Tulsi (holy basil) is another plant held in high esteem for its oxygen-releasing properties and medicinal benefits. It is integral to religious rituals, believed to purify the environment and repel harmful germs and viruses. Tulsi is also renowned for its therapeutic properties, used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. Its presence in households is considered auspicious, promoting health and well-being. The reverence for Tulsi reflects a deep understanding of the interdependence between humans and plants, highlighting the importance of preserving and nurturing medicinal plants.
Amla (Indian gooseberry) is considered sacred, believed to house deities and increase prosperity. Its fruit is favored by Lord Vishnu, and its consumption is thought to confer longevity and remove poverty. Amla is also known for its high vitamin C content and numerous health benefits, making it a valuable addition to the diet. The reverence for Amla underscores the importance of maintaining a connection with nature and utilizing its gifts for health and well-being.
In ancient Indian scriptures, certain animals are considered divine or associated with deities. For instance, Garuda (eagle), Airavata (elephant), Uchchaihshravas (horse), and Sheshanaga (serpent) are seen as manifestations of Krishna’s glory. Many animals are also depicted as the vehicles of deities, providing them with religious protection and highlighting the theme of coexistence and tolerance unique to Indian spirituality. This deep connection between animals and deities reflects a holistic worldview where all forms of life are interconnected and deserving of respect and protection.
To keep water bodies free from pollution, the Vedic texts recommend using herbs like Ajashringi, Guggul, Peelu, and trees like peepal and banyan for their purifying properties. Rainwater harvesting and water conservation practices were also encouraged. These ancient practices highlight the importance of sustainable water management and the need to protect water resources from contamination. Water is considered a sacred element, essential for life, and its purity is of utmost importance for health and well-being.
The Vedic and other ancient scriptures contain numerous guidelines for maintaining ecological balance, including air purification through Yagna (rituals involving fire), worship of nature, air purification through vegetation, environmental purification through Agnihotra (fire rituals), worship and conservation of rivers, tree planting and preservation, water conservation through the construction of ponds and wells, and penalizing the unnecessary cutting of trees. These practices reflect a deep understanding of ecological principles and the need for sustainable management of natural resources.
King Ashoka’s inscriptions also emphasize the sanctity of life, advocating for hospitals for humans and animals and planting trees along highways, underscoring his environmental awareness. His edicts promote non-violence towards all living beings and encourage the preservation of natural resources, reflecting a compassionate and forward-thinking approach to environmental stewardship.
Ancient Indian traditions emphasize the sanctity and preservation of the environment, advocating for a harmonious relationship between humans and nature. The Vedic seers understood the critical importance of maintaining ecological balance for the well-being of all life forms. Their teachings, which integrate environmental conservation with spiritual practices, are as relevant today as they were in ancient times, offering timeless wisdom for addressing modern environmental challenges.
The reverence for nature in Vedic and ancient Indian traditions is not merely symbolic but deeply practical, promoting sustainable living and ecological harmony. By following these ancient principles, we can address contemporary environmental issues and create a sustainable future. The wisdom of the ancients, reflected in their respect for nature and holistic worldview, offers valuable insights for modern environmental conservation efforts.
The divine essence in flora and the reverence for natural elements in ancient Indian traditions reflect a profound understanding of ecological balance and the interdependence of all life forms. By integrating these ancient practices and principles into modern environmental management, we can ensure a sustainable and harmonious coexistence with nature, preserving the Earth’s bounty for future generations. The teachings of the Vedic seers and ancient sages provide a timeless guide for environmental stewardship, emphasizing the importance of living in harmony with nature and recognizing the sacredness of all forms of life.
